Glycated albumin induces lipid infiltration in mice aorta independently of DM and RAS local modulation by inducing lipid peroxidation and inflammation.

AIMS: Advanced glycated albumin (AGE-albumin) adversely impairs macrophage lipid homeostasis in vitro, which may be prevented by angiotensin receptor blockers. In vivo studies are inconclusive whether AGE-albumin itself plays important role in early-stage atherogenesis. We aimed at investigating how AGE-albumin by itself drives atherosclerosis development in dyslipidemic non-diabetic mice and if its effects are due to the activation of renin-angiotensin system in the arterial wall and the expression of genes and proteins involved in lipid flux. METHODS AND RESULTS: Murine albumin glycation was induced by incubation with 10mM glycolaldehyde and C-albumin with PBS alone. Twelve-week-old-male apoE knockout mice were submitted to a daily IP injection of control (C) or AGE-albumin (2mg/mL) during 30days with or without losartan (LOS: 100mg/L; C+LOS and AGE+LOS). Aortic arch was removed, and gene expression was determined by RT-PCR and protein content by immunofluorescence. Plasma lipid and glucose levels were similar among groups. Systolic blood pressure was similarly reduced in both groups treated with LOS. In comparison to C-albumin, aortic lipid infiltration was 5.3 times increased by AGE-albumin, which was avoided by LOS. LOS prevented the enhancement induced by AGE-albumin in Ager, Tnf and Cybb mRNA levels but did not reduce Olr1. Nfkb and Agt mRNA levels were unchanged by AGE-albumin. LOS similarly reduced Agtr1a mRNA level in both C and AGE-albumin groups. In AGE-albumin-treated mice, immunofluorescence for carboxymethyl-lysine, 4-hydroxynonenal and RAGE was respectively, 4.8, 2.6 and 1.7 times enhanced in comparison to C-albumin. These increases were all avoided by LOS. CONCLUSIONS: AGE-albumin evokes a pre-stage of atherogenesis in dyslipidemic mice independently of the presence of diabetes mellitus or modulation in the RAS in part by the induction of lipid peroxidation and inflammation.

Aerobic exercise training enhances the in vivo cholesterol trafficking from macrophages to the liver independently of changes in the expression of genes involved in lipid flux in macrophages and aorta.

BACKGROUND: Regular exercise prevents and regresses atherosclerosis by improving lipid metabolism and antioxidant defenses. Exercise ameliorates the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), an antiatherogenic system that drives cholesterol from arterial macrophages to the liver for excretion into bile and feces. In this study we analyzed the role of aerobic exercise on the in vivo RCT and expression of genes and proteins involved in lipid flux and inflammation in peritoneal macrophages, aortic arch and liver from wild type mice. METHODS: Twelve-week-old male mice were divided into sedentary and trained groups. Exercise training was performed in a treadmill (15 m/min, 30 min/day, 5 days/week). Plasma lipids were determined by enzymatic methods and lipoprotein profile by fast protein liquid chromatography. After intraperitoneal injection of J774-macrophages the RCT was assessed by measuring the recovery of (3)H-cholesterol in plasma, feces and liver. The expression of liver receptors was determined by immunoblot, macrophages and aortic mRNAs by qRT-PCR. (14)C-cholesterol efflux mediated by apo A-I and HDL2 and the uptake of (3)H-cholesteryl oleoyl ether ((3)H-COE)-acetylated-LDL were determined in macrophages isolated from sedentary and trained animals 48 h after the last exercise session. RESULTS: Body weight, plasma lipids, lipoprotein profile, glucose and blood pressure were not modified by exercise training. A greater amount of (3)H-cholesterol was recovered in plasma (24 h and 48 h) and liver (48 h) from trained animals in comparison to sedentary. No difference was found in (3)H-cholesterol excreted in feces between trained and sedentary mice. The hepatic expression of scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) and LDL receptor (B-E) was enhanced by exercise. We observed 2.8 and 1.7 fold rise, respectively, in LXR and Cyp7a mRNA in the liver of trained as compared to sedentary mice. Macrophage and aortic expression of genes involved in lipid efflux was not systematically changed by physical exercise. In agreement, (14)C-cholesterol efflux and uptake of (3)H-COE-acetylated-LDL by macrophages was similar between sedentary and trained animals. CONCLUSION: Aerobic exercise in vivo accelerates the traffic of cholesterol from macrophages to the liver contributing to prevention and regression of atherosclerosis, independently of changes in macrophage and aorta gene expression.

Aterogênese induzida por albumina modificada por glicação avançada em camundongos dislipidêmicos é previnida pelo tratamento com losartana / Atherogenesis induced by advanced glycated albumin in dyslipidemic mice is prevented by losartan

INTRODUÇÃO: Produtos de glicação avançada (AGE) encontram-se aumentados no diabete melito e contribuem independentemente para o risco cardiovascular. O reconhecimento dos AGE pelo receptor para produtos de glicação avançada (RAGE) potencializa vias de sinalização pró-aterogênicas. Antagonistas do receptor de angiotensina II (ANGII) do tipo 1 (AT-1) diminuem a expressão de RAGE em área de lesão aterosclerótica. No presente projeto, avaliou-se, na aorta de camundongos dislipidêmicos (knockout para apoE) tratados ou não com inibidor do receptor AT-1 (losartana, LOS), o efeito do tratamento crônico com albumina-AGE sobre o infiltrado de lípides, a expressão de mRNA e proteínas envolvidas no eixo AGE/RAGE, ANGII/AT-1, modulação da resposta inflamatória e fluxo de lípides, além da secreção de citocinas inflamatórias por macrófagos tratados com albumina controle ou AGE, concomitantemente ou não a losartana, isolados da cavidade peritoneal de camundongos apoE knockout. MÉTODOS: Camundongos machos knockout para apoE de 12 semanas de idade foram mantidos em dieta padrão e divididos, aleatoriamente, em quatro grupos experimentais (n = 20/grupo): grupo Controle (C), C+LOS, albumina-AGE (AGE) e AGE+LOS. Os animais receberam injeção intraperitoneal diária, durante 30 dias, de 2 mg de albumina controle (grupos C e C+LOS) ou albumina AGE (AGE e AGE+LOS). Os animais C+LOS e AGE+LOS foram tratados durante todo o período experimental com losartana (100 mg/L água). Secções do arco aórtico foram utilizadas para imunofluorescência para RAGE, carboximetil-lisina (CML), AT-1 e 4-hidroxinonenal (4-HNE) e determinação infiltrado lipídico por coloração com Oil Red-O. Análise do mRNA de Ager (RAGE), Agtr1a (AT-1), Orl1 (LOX-1), Msr1 (MCP-1), Ccl2 (SR-A), Cybb (Nox2), Nfkb (NF-kB), Tnf (TNF-alfa), Abca1 (ABCA-1), Abcg1 (ABCG-1) e Agt (angiotensinogênio) foi realizada por de qRT-PCR. Ensaio in vitro para secreção de IL-6 por ELISA e expressão de Il1b (IL-1beta) e Il18...

INTRODUCTION: Advanced glycated end-products (AGE) elevated in diabetes mellitus and independently contribute to cardiovascular risk. The AGE binding to the receptor for AGE (RAGE) potentializes pro-atherogenic signaling pathways. Antagonists of angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT-1) diminish RAGE expression in atherosclerotic plaques. In this study, we evaluated in the aortic arch of dyslipidemic mice (apoE knockout), treated or not with AT-1 blocker losartan (LOS), the effect of chronic treatment with AGE-albumin in aortic root lipid infiltration, mRNA expression and protein content of components of AGE/RAGE, ANGII/AT-1 axes and modulators of lipid flux and inflammation, and also the secretion of inflammatory cytokines by peritoneal macrophages treated either with control (C) or AGE-albumin, together with or not by losartan treatment,. METHODS: 12-week old male apoE knockout mice were fed chow diet and ramdomly assigned into four groups (n = 20/group): Control (C), C+LOS, AGE-albumin (AGE) and AGE+LOS. Animals received daily intraperitoneal injection of 2 mg of C- albumin (C and C+LOS) or AGE-albumin (AGE and AGE+LOS) during 30 days. LOS groups were treated with losartan (100 mg/L water). Immufluorescence for RAGE, AT-1, carboxymethyllysine (CML) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), and Oil red-O staining for lipid infiltration was performed in sections from the aortic arch. mRNA expression of Ager (RAGE), Agtr1a (AT-1), Orl1 (LOX-1), Msr1 (MCP-1), Ccl2 (SR-A), Cybb (Nox2), Nfkb (NF-kB), Tnf (TNF-alfa), Abca1 (ABCA-1), Abcg1 (ABCG-1) e Agt (angiotensinogen) was evaluated by qRT-PCR. In vitro assay for IL-6 secretion was performed by ELISA and Il1b (IL-1beta) and Il18 (IL-18) mRNA expression was performed by qRT-PCR in peritoneal macrophages from of apoE knockout mice after treatment with C or AGE-albumin (2 mg/mL), with or without losartan (1 ?M). RESULTS: No differences among groups were observed in body weight, plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose...